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Is it permissible to use the upstairs of a Masjid as a residence?

fatwa-tt January 3, 2023

Question

Assalaamu Alaikum Mufti sab, is it permissible to use the upstairs of a Masjid as a residence to house the Imam and family? A few more details; the upstairs was built simultaneously along with the downstairs. The downstairs was designated as a Masjid, while the upstairs was intended as an Imam quarters, Muazzin quarters or Madrassah. Also, do take into consideration that if residence is taken by the Imam and family, what will be the ruling with regard to his wife during her menses and them having relations above the Masjid?

Answer

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

There are three requirements for a Shariah Masjid:

  1. The land must be made waqf for a Masjid.
  2. The Waqif (endower) separated his ownership from the endowed property in such a manner that he has no claim over it.[1]
  3. Salah in congregation has been performed at least once with the permission of the endower/trustees.[2]

If these three requirements are met it would be considered a Shariah Masjid (i.e., it would leave the ownership of the Waqif and enter the ownership of Allah.

In principle, the ownership of a portion of land includes the space below and above it. Therefore, if a person owns a portion of land, he also owns the space below and the space above. In the case of a Masjid, the primary aspect is the land, thereafter the building and the spaces below and above take the same ruling i.e. it is also considered Masjid. Thus, the rules governing a Masjid will also apply to what is built below or above it. Hence, it would not be permissible to utilise the area above the Masjid nor below the Masjid in a manner that violates its sanctity.[3]

If, however, before the completion of the Masjid, the area above or below it was excluded from being the Masjid, then that is also permissible provided that it is utilised in a manner that benefits and serves the interest of the Masjid.[4]

Therefore, the ruling regarding the area below and above the Masjid all depends on the intent of the endower/trustees and whether the Masjid was completed or not. If the Masjid was completed without the endower/trustees exempting the area above or below from being Masjid, these areas (above or below) will be considered Masjid and it will not be permissible to utilise it in a manner that violates the sanctity of the Masjid. Furthermore, after the completion of the Masjid, it will not be permissible to exclude any part of the Masjid from being Masjid (including the area above and below). Also, if after the completion of the Masjid a structure were to be constructed below or above it, it will also be considered Masjid.

If, however, before the completion of the Masjid, (completion refers to the three aforementioned requirements being met), the area above or below was exempted (from being Masjid), the rules governing a Masjid will not apply to those areas.

You stated in your query that before the completion of the Masjid, the area above was exempted (from being Masjid). It was not the intent of the endower or trustees for the area above to be Masjid, rather it was intended to be a home for the Imam or Mu’adhin or a facility for imparting Islamic knowledge. This being the case, it (the area above) will not be considered Masjid nor would the laws pertaining to a Masjid apply to it. It will, however, still be considered Waqf (endowment).

Therefore, it will be permissible for the Imam to live with his family in the area above the Masjid as it is not considered Masjid and consequently, the laws pertaining to Masjid does not apply.

And Allah Ta’ala Knows Best

Mufti Kaleem Muhammad

Darul Iftaa, Jaamia Madinatul Uloom

Marabella, Trinidad.


[1] الفتاوى الهندية (2/ 454)

 من بنى مسجدا لم يزل ملكه عنه حتى يفرزه عن ملكه بطريقة ويأذن بالصلاة أما الإفراز فلا؛ لأنه لا يخلص لله تعالى إلا به، كذا في الهداية

[2] اللباب في شرح الكتاب (2/ 186)

(وإذا بنى مسجداً لم يزل ملكه عنه حتى يفرزه) الواقف: أي يميزه (عن ملكه بطريقه) ، لأنه لا يخلص لله تعالى إلا به (ويأذن للناس بالصلاة فيه) ، لأنه من التسليم عند أبي حنيفة ومحمد، وتسليم كل شيء بحبسه، وذلك في المسجد بالصلاة فيه، لتعذر القبض فيه، فقام تحقق المقصود مقامه (فإذا صلى فيه واحد زال ملكه عند أبي حنيفة ومحمد) في رواية، وفي الأخرى – وهي الأشهر – يشترط الصلاة بالجماعة، لأن المسجد يبنى لذلك

[3] المحيط البرهاني في الفقه النعماني (5/ 317)

قال محمد رحمه الله: وتكره المجامعة والبول فوق المسجد؛ لأن لسطح المسجد حكم المسجد، وهذا لما عرف أن حكم المسجد ثابت في الهواء والعرصة جميعاً، ولهذا قلنا: من قام على سطح المسجد مقتدياً بإمام في المسجد، وهو خلف الإمام يجوز، والمعتكف إذا صعد سطح المسجد لا ينتقض اعتكافه، ولا يحل للجنب والحائض والنفساء صعود سطح المسجد، فعلم أن لسطح المسجد حكم المسجد، ثم لا تجوز المجامعة والبول في المسجد

الدر المختار وحاشية ابن عابدين (رد المحتار) (1/ 656)

(و) كره تحريما (الوطء فوقه، والبول والتغوط) لأنه مسجد إلى عنان السماء

الدر المختار وحاشية ابن عابدين (رد المحتار) (1/ 656)

(قوله إلى عنان السماء) بفتح العين، وكذا إلى تحت الثرى كما في البيري عن الإسبيجاب

[4]

درر الحكام شرح غرر الأحكام (2/ 135)

قَوْلُهُ أَوْ جَعَلَ فَوْقَهُ بَيْتًا فَلَا) أَقُولُ ظَاهِرُهُ أَنَّهُ لَا فَرْقَ بَيْنَ أَنْ يَكُونَ الْبَيْتُ لِلْمَسْجِدِ أَوْ لَا إلَّا أَنَّهُ يُؤْخَذُ مِنْ التَّعْلِيلِ أَنَّ مَحَلَّ عَدَمِ كَوْنِهِ مَسْجِدًا فِيمَا إذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ وَقْفًا عَلَى مَصَالِحِ الْمَسْجِدِ وَبِهِ صَرَّحَ فِي الْإِسْعَافِ فَقَالَ إذَا كَانَ السِّرْدَابُ أَوْ الْعُلُوُّ لِمَصَالِحِ الْمَسْجِدِ أَوْ كَانَا وَقْفًا عَلَيْهِ صَارَ مَسْجِدًا

الدر المختار وحاشية ابن عابدين (رد المحتار) (4/ 358)

 لو بنى فوقه بيتا للإمام لا يضر لأنه من المصالح، أما لو تمت المسجدية ثم أراد البناء منع

البحر الرائق شرح كنز الدقائق ومنحة الخالق وتكملة الطوري (5/ 271)

وبما ذكرناه علم أنه لو بنى بيتا على سطح المسجد لسكنى الإمام فإنه لا يضر في كونه مسجدا لأنه من المصالح

فإن قلت: لو جعل مسجدا ثم أراد أن يبني فوقه بيتا للإمام أو غيره هل له ذلك قلت: قال في التتارخانية إذا بنى مسجدا وبنى غرفة وهو في يده فله ذلك وإن كان حين بناه خلى بينه وبين الناس ثم جاء بعد ذلك يبني لا يتركه وفي جامع الفتوى إذا قال عنيت ذلك فإنه لا يصدق. اهـ

النهر الفائق شرح كنز الدقائق (3/ 330)

 وبه عرف أن الواقف لو بنى بيتاً للإمام فوق المسجد لا يضر في كونه مسجداً لأنه من المصالح

مجمع الأنهر في شرح ملتقى الأبحر (1/ 748)

 وَفِيهِ إشْعَارٌ بِأَنَّهُ لَوْ بَنَى بَيْتًا عَلَى سَطْحِ الْمَسْجِدِ لِسُكْنَى الْإِمَامِ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَضُرُّ فِي كَوْنِهِ مَسْجِدًا لِأَنَّهُ مِنْ الْمَصَالِحِ

الدر المختار وحاشية ابن عابدين (رد المحتار) (4/ 358)

لو بنى فوقه بيتا للإمام لا يضر لأنه من المصالح، أما لو تمت المسجدية ثم أراد البناء منع ولو قال عنيت ذلك لم يصدق تتارخانية، فإذا كان هذا في الواقف فكيف بغيره

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Next: Should women attend the Masjid for Salaah etc.?

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