Question
Is wiping the back and sides of the neck part of wudhu or is it an innovation? Please provide evidences!
Answer:
ุจุณู ุงููู ุงูุฑุญู ู ุงูุฑุญูู
Wiping the back of the neck in wudhu is not an innovation rather, it is a commendable act.[1] Consider the following Ahaadith describing the Wudhu of the Prophet ๏ทบ:
ุฃู ุฑุฌูุง ูุงู ูุนุจุฏ ุงููู ุจู ุฒูุฏ ููู ุฌุฏ ุนู ุฑู ุจู ูุญูู ุฃุชุณุชุทูุน ุฃู ุชุฑููู ููู ูุงู ุฑุณูู ุงููู ุตูู ุงููู ุนููู ูุณูู ูุชูุถุฃ ููุงู ุนุจุฏ ุงููู ุจู ุฒูุฏ ูุนู ูุฏุนุง ุจู ุงุก ูุฃูุฑุบ ุนูู ูุฏูู ูุบุณู ู ุฑุชูู ุซู ู ุถู ุถ ูุงุณุชูุซุฑ ุซูุงุซุง ุซู ุบุณู ูุฌูู ุซูุงุซุง ุซู ุบุณู ูุฏูู ู ุฑุชูู ู ุฑุชูู ุฅูู ุงูู ุฑูููู ุซู ู ุณุญ ุฑุฃุณู ุจูุฏูู ูุฃูุจู ุจูู ุง ูุฃุฏุจุฑ ุจุฏุฃ ุจู ูุฏู ุฑุฃุณู ุญุชู ุฐูุจ ุจูู ุง ุฅูู ููุงู ุซู ุฑุฏูู ุง ุฅูู ุงูู ูุงู ุงูุฐู ุจุฏุฃ ู ูู ุซู ุบุณู ุฑุฌููู ูู (ุงูุจุฎุงุฑู)
(1) He washed his face thrice and after that he washed his forearms up to the elbows twice and then passed his wet hands over his head from its front to its back and vice versa (beginning from the front and taking them to the back of his head up to the nape of the neck and then brought them to the front again from where he had started)โฆ.{al-Bukhari}
ุนููู ุงููู ูููุฏูุงู ู ุจููู ู ูุนูุฏููููุฑูุจูุ ููุงูู ุฑูุฃูููุชู ุฑูุณูููู ุงูููููู ุตูู ุงููู ุนููู ูุณูู ุชูููุถููุฃู ููููู ููุง ุจูููุบู ู ูุณูุญู ุฑูุฃูุณููู ููุถูุนู ููููููููู ุนูููู ู ูููุฏููู ู ุฑูุฃูุณููู ููุฃูู ูุฑููููู ูุง ุญูุชููู ุจูููุบู ุงููููููุง ุซูู ูู ุฑูุฏููููู ูุง ุฅูููู ุงููู ูููุงูู ุงูููุฐูู ุจูุฏูุฃู ู ููููู (ุฃุจู ุฏุงูุฏ)
(2) I saw the Messenger of Allah ๏ทบ perform ablution. When he reached the stage of wiping his head, he placed his palms on the front of the head. Then he moved them until he reached the napeโฆ.{Abu Dawood}
ุนููู ุนูู ูุฑูู ุจููู ููุญููููุ ุจูููุฐูุง ุงูุฅูุณูููุงุฏู ููููุงูู …….. ููุฃูููุจููู ุจูููู ูุง ููุฃูุฏูุจูุฑู ุจูุฏูุฃู ุจูู ูููุฏููู ู ุฑูุฃูุณููู ุซูู ูู ุฐูููุจู ุจูููู ูุง ุฅูููู ููููุงูู ุซูู ูู ุฑูุฏููููู ูุง ุญูุชููู ุฑูุฌูุนู ุฅูููู ุงููู ูููุงูู ุงูููุฐูู ุจูุฏูุฃู ู ููููู ููุบูุณููู ุฑูุฌููููููู (ู ุณูู )
(3) He moved them (his hands) for wiping to the front of his head and then the nape of his neckโฆ.{Muslim}
ุนููู ุนูู ูุฑูู ุจููู ููุญูููู ุงููู ูุงุฒููููููุ ุนููู ุฃูุจููู……… ุซูู ูู ู ูุณูุญู ุฑูุฃูุณููู ุจูููุฏููููู ููุฃูููุจููู ุจูููู ูุง ููุฃูุฏูุจูุฑูุ ุจูุฏูุฃู ุจูู ูููุฏููู ู ุฑูุฃูุณูููุ ุซูู ูู ุฐูููุจู ุจูููู ูุง ุฅูููู ููููุงููุ ุซูู ูู ุฑูุฏููููู ูุง ุญูุชููู ุฑูุฌูุนู ุฅูููู ุงููู ูููุงูู ุงูููุฐูู ุจูุฏูุฃู ู ูููููุ ุซูู ูู ุบูุณููู ุฑูุฌููููููู (ุงููุณุงุฆู)
(4)Then he wiped his head with his hands, back and forth, starting at the front of his head and moving his hands to the nape of his neck, then bringing them back to the place he startedโฆ.{an-Nasai}
NB: The aforementioned Ahaadith shows clearly that the Prophet ๏ทบ wiped his head until his Qafaa. The word Qafaa refers to that portion of the neck (commonly called the nape) which is connected to the head.[2] Therefore, it is possible that the above mentioned Ahaadith implies that the Prophet ๏ทบ used to wiped his head until the nape (i.e. that portion of the neck connected to the head) and thus the entire back of the neck would not be included. Based on this implication, wiping the back of the entire neck would not be part of Wudhu.
It can also be deduced from the above mentioned Ahaadith that the Prophet ๏ทบ wiped the entire area behind the neck, from the Qafaa (nape) until the portion connected to the back. This deduction is supported by the following;
ุนู ุทูุญุฉ ุนู ุฃุจููุ ุนู ุฌุฏูุ ุฃููย ุฑุฃู ุฑุณูู ุงููู ุตูู ุงููู ุนููู ูุณูู ูู ุณุญ ุฑุฃุณู ุญุชู ุจูุบ ุงููุฐุงู ูู ุง ูููู ู ู ู ูุฏู ุงูุนูู ุจู ุฑุฉย ูุงู ุงููุฐุงู: ุงูุณุงููุฉ ุงูุนูู ุฑูุงู ุฃุญู ุฏ ู ุงูุทุญุงูู ูู ุดุฑุญ ู ุนุงูู ุงูุขุซุงุฑ[3]
(a) Amr bin Kaโb[4] (grandfather of Talha bin Masrif r.a.) said: I saw the Messenger of Allah (๏ทบ) wiping his head once up to his nape and that portion which follows it, from the beginning of the neck. {Ahmad and Tahawi}
This narration clearly indicates that wiping the area extending beyond the Qafaa (nape) is also part of Wudhu.
(b) Imaam Zailaee (ra) records in his Nasb ar-Raya a Hadith reported by Imam At-Tabarani (ra) describing the wudhu of the Prophet ๏ทบ, in it is mentioned;
ููููู ููุง ู ูุณูุญู ุฑูุฃูุณููู ููุงูู ููููุฐูุง ููุฃูููู ูุฃู ุจูููุฏููู ู ููู ู ูููุฏููู ู ุฑูุฃูุณููู ุญูุชููู ุจูููุบู ุจูููู ูุง ุฅููู ุฃูุณููููู ุนููููููู ู ููู ููุจููู ููููุงูู ุงููุชูููู
โฆand when the Prophet ๏ทบ wiped his head, he did like this, the narrator of the Hadith then pointed out to the area of Mash (wiping) i.e. from the beginning of the head until the lower neck (the portion connected to the back)[5]ย
(c) Ibn Hajar (ra) cites in his At-Talkhees al-Habir a narration on the authority of Musa bin Talha (r.a.) pertaining to the virtue of wiping the neck;
ุฑูููุงูู ุฃูุจูู ุนูุจูููุฏู ููู ููุชูุงุจู ุงูุทูููููุฑู ุนููู ุนูุจูุฏู ุงูุฑููุญูู ููู ุจููู ู ูููุฏูููู ุนููู ุงููู ูุณูุนููุฏูููู ุนููู ุงููููุงุณูู ู ุจููู ุนูุจูุฏู ุงูุฑููุญูู ููู ุนููู ู ููุณูู ุจููู ุทูููุญูุฉู ููุงูู ู ููู ู ูุณูุญู ููููุงูู ู ูุนู ุฑูุฃูุณููู ูููููู ุงููุบูููู ููููู ู ุงููููููุงู ูุฉู
Commenting on the above, he mentions that this narration will take the ruling of being Marfu` (attributed to the Prophet ๏ทบ) and in this regard would be classified as Mursal.
NB: Mursal Ahaadith are generally accepted by the vast majority of Scholars (with conditions).
(d) Abu Hariarah (r.a) reports that the Prophet ๏ทบ said;
โุฅู ุฃู ุชู ูุฏุนูู ููู ุงูููุงู ุฉ ุบุฑูุง ู ุญุฌููู ู ู ุขุซุงุฑ ุงููุถูุก ูู ู ุงุณุชุทุงุน ู ููู ุฃู ูุทูู ุบุฑุชูุ ููููุนู ูู ู ุชูู ุนููู โ
On the Day of Resurrection, my followers (or Ummah) will be summoned ‘Al-Ghurr Al-Muhajjalun’ from the traces of Wudu’. Whoever can increase the area of his radiance should do so. {al-Bukhari and Muslim}
In reference to the above authentic tradition of the Prophet ๏ทบ, the scholars have stated that it is commendable to extend the parameters of those areas washed in wudhu.[6] The area of the head wiped in wudhu extents to the Qafaa (nape).Thus wiping beyond the nape would entail wiping the entire back portion of the neck.
Based on the above, the Hanafi Jurists have stated that wiping the back portion of the neck i.e. from the nape and beyond is not considered an established Sunnah rather it is a commendable and desirable act done in the hope of gaining rewards.
With regards to wiping of the sides and front of the neck (i.e. the throat area), the Jurists have stated that it is a bidโah (innovation) to do so.[7]
Clarification
Alaamah Zafar Uthmani (r.a) mentions the following narration in his I`laa as Sunan, quoting from At-Talkhees al-Habir
ุฑูุงู ุฃุจู ุงูุญุณูู ุจู ูุงุฑุณ ุจุฅุณูุงุฏู ุนู ูููุญ ุจู ุณููู ุงู ุนู ูุงูุน ุนู ุงุจู ุนู ุฑ ุฃู ุงููุจู ุตูู ุงููู ุนููู ูุณูู ูุงู: “ู ู ุชูุถุฃ ูู ุณุญ ุจูุฏูู ุนูู ุนููู ููู ุงูุบู ููู ุงูููุงู ุฉ” ููุงู ูุฐุง ุฅู ุดุงุก ุงููู ุญุฏูุซ ุตุญูุญ ุงูุชูุฎูุต ุงูุญุจูุฑ ูู
โWhoever performs wudhu and wipes neck (nape) with his hands, he will be saved from wearing a necklace of fire on the Day of Judgementโ
Many people however, misunderstand what Alaamah Zafar Uthmani stated in his book regarding the ruling on the above narration of Ibn Umar (r.a.) They claim that Alamah Zafar Uthmani states that Hafidh Ibn Hajar (r.a.) authenticated this narration. This claim is incorrect and is not the ruling of Hafidh Ibn Hajar on narration, rather it is the statement of Abu al-Hussain bin Faris. In fact, the ruling of Ibn Hajr on the Hadith opposes what is wrongly attributed to him. Hafidh Ibn Hajar clearly states in his At-talkhis al-Habir, immediately after the statement of Abu al-Hussain:
ููุช (ูุงููุงุฆู ุงุจู ุญุฌุฑ): ุจูู ุงุจู ูุงุฑุณ ููููุญ ู ูุงุฒุฉ ูููุธุฑ ูููุง
Between ibn Faris and Fulaih is an enormous gap!
This clearly indicates towards the weakness of this narration and not its authenticity.
NB: This statement of Ibn Hajr was not transmitted by Alaamah Zafar Uthmani in his I`laa as-Sunan)
Method of wiping the back of the neck
The nape (and beyond) is wiped together with the wiping of the head as illustrated in the aforementioned Ahaadith i.e. after the Prophet ๏ทบ completed wiping his head he would wipe his nape, in that sequence, using whatever wetness that is remaining from of his blessed hands.
The method of wiping the neck which commonly used is not an established practice viz. (a) wiping the nape after the wiping of the ears (b) using the backs of the hands to wipe and not the palms.
Alaamah Al-Laknawi (r.a.) states in his treatise entitled Tuhfa al-Talabah fi Tahqiq Mash al-Raqabah (after concurring to the permissibility and commendability of wiping behind the neck): I have not found in the Ahaadith of the Prophet ๏ทบ the method of wiping of the nape except the narration recorded by Imam Abu Dawood which indicates that it is wiped when the hands go to the back of the head (i.e. not after wiping the ears). Thereafter, he ascertains that the method mentioned by some Scholars is not an established practiced rather, it is the practice of their Masaaikh.[8]
Alaamah At-Tahtawi (r.a.) is also of this view, i.e. such a method has no basis. He states in his commentary of Maraqil Falaah that: the Hadith of the Prophet ๏ทบ indicates that the wiping of the neck is done with the wiping of the head, when the both hands reach the end portion of the head. This method (as indicated in Hadith) is contrary to what is commonly practice (i.e. wiping the neck after wiping the ears).
Alaamah At-Tahtawi (r.a.) further states; what is mentioned regarding the Istihbaab (commendability) of wiping the neck with the back of the hands on the pretext that it is free from wetness which is Mustaโmal (previously used),as opposed to the wetness of the palm of the hands after wiping the head, is an incorrect presumption. The reason being is that the wetness of the palms after wiping the head is not regarded as Mustaโmal.[9]
Alaamah Ibn Abideen (r.a.) states regarding the method of wiping quoting from Imaam Zailaee that; the both palms including all fingers should be placed on the head when doing Mash (wiping).[10]
Thereafter, Alaamah Ibn Abideen states; what is said about the distancing the index fingers and the thumbs away from the head so that it would not cause the wetness therein to become Mustaโmal is an act void of evidence and has no basis in the Shariah. This is because (quoting from Ibn al-Humaam r.a) water or moisture will not be considered Mustaโmal before being separated from the limb.[11]
To further support the incorrectness of the method commonly used in Mash is that, the Hanafi jurists have stated clearly that it is Sunnah to wipe the ear using the wetness that remains after wiping the head as it is not regarded as Mustaโmal.[12]This being the case, one should not adhere to that which has no basis in Shariah especially when pertaining to acts of Ibadah.
In conclusion, wiping the entire back of the neck is not only permissible rather it is commendable and should be done as illustrated in the Ahaadith of the Prophet ๏ทบ i.e. with the wiping of the head. As for the throat area i.e. the sides and front of the neck, itโs wiping not part of wudhu and is considered to be an innovation (bidโah).
And Allah Taโฤla Knows Best
Mufti Kaleem Muhammad
Darul Iftaa, Jaamia Madinatul Uloom
Trinidad, West Indies
www.fatwa-tt.com /www.jaamia.net
[1] ุนู ุฏุฉ ุงููุงุฑู ุดุฑุญ ุตุญูุญ ุงูุจุฎุงุฑู (4/ 56)
ูุงูููุง: ู ูุตูุฑุ ู ุคุฎุฑ ุงูุนูู ูุฐูุฑ ููุคูุซุ ูุงูุฌู ุน ูููุ ู ุซูุ ุนุตู ุฌู ุน ุนุตุง. ููุฏ ุฌุงุก ุฃูููุฉุ ุนูู ุบูุฑ ููุงุณ.
ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฑุงุฆู ุดุฑุญ ููุฒ ุงูุฏูุงุฆู ูู ูุญุฉ ุงูุฎุงูู ูุชูู ูุฉ ุงูุทูุฑู (1/ 29)
(ูููู: ูู ุณุญ ุฑูุจุชู) ูุนูู ุจุธูุฑ ุงููุฏูู ูุนุฏู ุงุณุชุนู ุงู ุจูุชูู ุงุ ููุฏ ุงุฎุชูู ููู ูููู ุจุฏุนุฉ ูููู ุณูุฉุ ููู ููู ุงููููู ุฃุจู ุฌุนูุฑ ูุจู ุฃุฎุฐ ูุซูุฑ ู ู ุงูุนูู ุงุก ูุฐุง ูู ุดุฑุญ ู ุณูููุ ููู ุงูุฎูุงุตุฉ ุงูุตุญูุญ ุฃูู ุฃุฏุจุ ููู ุจู ุนูู ุงูู ุณุชุญุจ ูู ุง ูุฏู ูุง
ู ุฑุงูู ุงูููุงุญ ุดุฑุญ ููุฑ ุงูุฅูุถุงุญ (ุต: 34)
ย ูุณู “ู ุณุญ ุงูุฑูุจุฉ” ูุฃูู ุตูู ุงููู ุนููู ูุณูู ุชูุถุฃ ูุฃูู ุฃ ุจูุฏูู ู ู ู ูุฏู ุฑุฃุณู ุญุชู ุจูุบ ุจูู ุง ุฃุณูู ุนููู ู ู ูุจู ููุงู
ุงูู ุจุณูุท ููุณุฑุฎุณู (1/ 10)
ููู ูุฐูุฑ ููู ู ุณุญ ุงูุฑูุจุฉุ ูุจุนุถ ู ุดุงูุฎูุง ูููู ุฅูู ููุณ ู ู ุฃุนู ุงู ุงููุถูุก ูุงูุฃุตุญ ุฃูู ู ุณุชุญุณู ูู ุงููุถูุก
ุงูุฏุฑ ุงูู ุฎุชุงุฑ ูุญุงุดูุฉ ุงุจู ุนุงุจุฏูู (ุฑุฏ ุงูู ุญุชุงุฑ) (1/ 124)
(ูููู: ูู ุณุญ ุงูุฑูุจุฉ) ูู ุงูุตุญูุญุ ูููู: ุฅูู ุณูุฉ ูู ุง ูู ุงูุจุญุฑ ูุบูุฑู (ูููู: ุจุธูุฑ ูุฏูู) ุฃู ูุนุฏู ุงุณุชุนู ุงู ุจูุชูู ุง ุจุญุฑุ ูููู ุงูู ููุฉ: ุจู ุงุก ุฌุฏูุฏ ูุง ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅููู ูู ุง ูู ุดุฑุญูุง ุงููุจูุฑุ ูุนุจุฑ ูู ุงูู ููุฉ ุจุธูุฑ ุงูุฃุตุงุจุน ููุนูู ุงูู ุฑุงุฏ ููุง (ูููู: ูุฃูู ุจุฏุนุฉ) ุฅุฐ ูู ูุฑุฏ ูู ุงูุณูุฉ
[2]ูุงููููุง: ู ุคุฎุฑ ุงูุนูู
ย ุงููุชุงุจ: ูุชุงุจ ุงูุนูู
ุงูู ุคูู: ุฃุจู ุนุจุฏ ุงูุฑุญู ู ุงูุฎููู ุจู ุฃุญู ุฏ ุจู ุนู ุฑู ุจู ุชู ูู ุงููุฑุงููุฏู ุงูุจุตุฑู (ุงูู ุชููู: 170ูู)
ุชูุฐูุจ ุงููุบุฉ (9/ 246)
ููุงูู ุงููููููุซ: ุงูููููุง: ู ุคุฎููุฑ ุงูุนูููู
ู ุฎุชุงุฑ ุงูุตุญุงุญ (ุต: 258)
ย (ุงููููููุง) ู ูููุตููุฑู ู ูุคูุฎููุฑู ุงููุนููููู ููุฐููููุฑู ููููุคููููุซู ููุงููุฌูู ูุนู ููููููู ุจูุงูุถููู ูู
ูุณุงู ุงูุนุฑุจ (15/ 192)
ููุง: ุงูุฃูุฒูุฑู: ุงููููุงุ ู ูููุตููุฑูุ ู ูุคูุฎููุฑู ุงูุนูููุ ุฃููููุง ููุงูู ููุงููุนูุฑูุจู ุชูุคููููุซูููุงุ ููุงูุชููุฐููููุฑู ุฃูุนู
[3] ู ุณูุฏ ุฃุญู ุฏ ุท ุงูุฑุณุงูุฉ (25/ 301)
ุดุฑุญ ู ุนุงูู ุงูุขุซุงุฑ
129 – ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุงุจููู ู ูุฑูุฒููููุ ููุงูู: ุซูุง ุนูุจูุฏู ุงูุตููู ูุฏู ุจููู ุนูุจูุฏู ุงููููุงุฑูุซูุ ููุงูู: ุซูุง ุฃูุจูู ููุญูููุตู ุจููู ุบูููุงุซูุ ุนููู ููููุซูุ ุนููู ุทูููุญูุฉู ุจููู ู ูุตูุฑููููุ ุนููู ุฃูุจููููุ ุนููู ุฌูุฏูููู ููุงูู: ุฑูุฃูููุชู ุงููููุจูููู ุตููููู ุงูููููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู ู ู ูุณูุญู ู ูููุฏููู ู ุฑูุฃูุณููู ุญูุชููู ุจูููุบู ุงููููุฐูุงูู. ู ูุคูุฎููุฑู ุงูุฑููุฃูุณู ู ููู ู ูููุฏููู ู ุนููููููู
[4] ุงูู ุณุชูุงุฏ ู ู ุงูุดูุฎ ุงูุนูุงู ุฉ ุฎููู ุฃุญู ุฏ ุงูุณูุงุฑูููุฑู
[5] ูุตุจ ุงูุฑุงูุฉ (1/ 17)
ุงููุญูุฏููุซู ุงูุณููุงุจูุนู: ุญููููู ุนููู ููุถููุกู ุฑูุณูููู ุงูููููู ุตููููู ุงูููููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู ู: ุฃูููููู ุชูู ูุถูู ูุถู ููุงุณูุชูููุดููู ุซูููุงุซูุง ุซูููุงุซูุง ุฃูุฎูุฐู ููู ูู ู ุฑุฉ ู ุงุกุงู ุฌูุฏููุฏูุงุ ููููุช: ุฑูููุงูู ุงูุทููุจูุฑูุงููููู ููู ู ูุนูุฌูู ููู ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุงููุญูุณููููู ุจููู ุฅุณูุญูุงูู ุงูุชููุณูุชูุฑูููู ุซูููุง ุดูููุจูุงูู ุจููู ููุฑูููุฎู ุซูููุง ุฃูุจูู ุณูููู ูุฉู ุงููููููุฏูููู ุซูููุง ููููุซู ุจููู ุฃูุจูู ุณูููููู ูุ ุญูุฏููุซูููู ุทูููุญูุฉู ุจููู ู ูุตูุฑูููู ุนููู ุฃูุจูููู ุนููู ุฌูุฏูููู ูุนุจ ุจู ุนู ุฑู ุงููู ุงู ู ุฃูููู ุฑูุณูููู ุงูููููู ุตููููู ุงูููููู ุนููููููู ููุณููููู ู ุชูููุถููุฃู ููู ูุถูู ูุถู4 ุซูููุงุซูุง ููุงุณูุชูููุดููู ุซูููุงุซูุงุ ูุฃุฎุฐ ููู ูุงุญุฏุฉ ู ุงุกุงู ุฌูุฏููุฏูุงุ ููุบูุณููู ููุฌููููู ุซูููุงุซูุงุ ููููู ููุง ู ูุณูุญู ุฑูุฃูุณููู ููุงูู: ููููุฐูุงุ ููุฃูููู ูุฃู ุจูููุฏููู ู ููู ู ูููุฏููู ู ุฑูุฃูุณููู ุญูุชููู ุจูููุบู ุจูููู ูุง ุฅููู ุฃูุณููููู ุนููููููู ู ููู ููุจููู ููููุงููุ ุงููุชูููู.
[6] ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฑุงุฆู ุดุฑุญ ููุฒ ุงูุฏูุงุฆู ูู ูุญุฉ ุงูุฎุงูู ูุชูู ูุฉ ุงูุทูุฑู (1/ 24)
ูุฅุทุงูุฉ ุงูุบุฑุฉ ุชููู ุจุงูุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุนูู ุงูุญุฏ ุงูู ุญุฏูุฏ
ุญุงุดูุฉ ุงูุทุญุทุงูู ุนูู ู ุฑุงูู ุงูููุงุญ ุดุฑุญ ููุฑ ุงูุฅูุถุงุญ (ุต: 79)
ูููู: “ุฅุทุงูุฉ ููุบุฑุฉ” ุงูู ุฑุงุฏ ุจูุง ู ุง ูุนู ุงูุชุญุฌูู ูุฅุทุงูุฉ ุงูุบุฑุฉ ุชููู ุจุงูุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุนูู ุงูุญุฏ ุงูู ุญุฏูุฏ ูู ุง ูู ุงูุจุญุฑ ูุฃู ุง ุงูุชุญุฌูู ููุงู ูู ุดุฑุญ ุงูุดุฑุนุฉ: ุฅูู ูุบุณู ุงูุฐุฑุงุนูู ููุตู ุงูุนุถุฏูู ูุงูุฑุฌููู ููุตู ุงูุณุงููู
[7] ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฑุงุฆู ุดุฑุญ ููุฒ ุงูุฏูุงุฆู ูู ูุญุฉ ุงูุฎุงูู ูุชูู ูุฉ ุงูุทูุฑู (1/ 29)
ย ูุฃู ุง ู ุณุญ ุงูุญูููู ูุจุฏุนุฉ
ู ุฑุงูู ุงูููุงุญ ุดุฑุญ ููุฑ ุงูุฅูุถุงุญ (ุต: 34)
ูุง” ูุณู ู ุณุญ “ุงูุญูููู ” ุจู ูู ุจุฏุนุฉ
ุงููุชุงูู ุงูููุฏูุฉ (1/ 8)
ย ูุฃู ุง ู ุณุญ ุงูุญูููู ูุจุฏุนุฉ. ูุฐุง ูู ุงูุจุญุฑ ุงูุฑุงุฆู
[8] ุต 22
ุญุงุดูุฉ ุงูุทุญุทุงูู ุนูู ู ุฑุงูู ุงูููุงุญ ุดุฑุญ ููุฑ ุงูุฅูุถุงุญ (ุต: 74)
ูููู: “ู ู ู ูุฏู ุงูุฑุฃุณ” ูู ุง ุชูุฏู ูู ุงูุญุฏูุซ ูููู: “ูุฃูู ุตูู ุงููู ุนููู ูุณูู ุงูุฎ” ู ุซูู ูู ุงูุดุฑุญ ูุงูุณูุฏ ูุบูุฑูู ุง ููู ููุชุถู ุฃู ู ุณุญ ุงูุฑูุจุฉ ู ุน ู ุณุญ ุงูุฑุฃุณ ุนูุฏ ุฐูุงุจ ุงููุฏูู ุฅูู ู ุคุฎุฑ ุงูุฑุฃุณ ููู ุฎูุงู ุงูู ุชุฏุงูู ุจูู ุงููุงุณ ูู ุง ูู ุงููุชุญ ู ู ุฃูู ูุณุชุญุจ ู ุณุญ ุงูุฑูุจุฉ ุจุธูุฑ ุงููุฏูู ูุนุฏู ุงุณุชุนู ุงู ุจูุชูู ุง ูู ููู ูุฃู ู ูููู ู ุฅู ุจูุฉ ุจุงุทููู ุง ู ุณุชุนู ูุฉ ูููุณ ูุฐูู ุฃูุงุฏู ุงูุญู ูู
[10] ุงูุฏุฑ ุงูู ุฎุชุงุฑ ูุญุงุดูุฉ ุงุจู ุนุงุจุฏูู (ุฑุฏ ุงูู ุญุชุงุฑ) (1/ 121)
ูุงู ุงูุฒููุนู ูุชููู ูุง ูู ููููุฉ ุงูู ุณุญ. ูุงูุฃุธูุฑ ุฃู ูุถุน ูููู ูุฃุตุงุจุนู ุนูู ู ูุฏู ุฑุฃุณู ููู ุฏูู ุง ุฅูู ุงูููุง ุนูู ูุฌู ูุณุชูุนุจ ุฌู ูุน ุงูุฑุฃุณ ุซู ูู ุณุญ ุฃุฐููู ุจุฃุตุจุนูู
[11] ุงูุฏุฑ ุงูู ุฎุชุงุฑ ูุญุงุดูุฉ ุงุจู ุนุงุจุฏูู (ุฑุฏ ุงูู ุญุชุงุฑ) (1/ 121)
ุงูุฏุฑ ุงูู ุฎุชุงุฑ ูู ุง ููู ู ู ุฃูู ูุฌุงูู ุงูู ุณุจุญุชูู ูุงูุฅุจูุงู ูู ููู ุณุญ ุจูู ุง ุงูุฃุฐููู ูุงููููู ููู ุณุญ ุจูู ุง ุฌุงูุจู ุงูุฑุฃุณ ุฎุดูุฉ ุงูุงุณุชุนู ุงูุ ููุงู ูู ุงููุชุญ: ูุง ุฃุตู ูู ูู ุงูุณูุฉุ ูุฃู ุงูุงุณุชุนู ุงู ูุง ูุซุจุช ูุจู ุงูุงููุตุงูุ ูุงูุฃุฐูุงู ู ู ุงูุฑุฃุณ. [ุชูุจูู]
ย
[12] ุงููุจุงุจ ูู ุดุฑุญ ุงููุชุงุจ (1/ 9)
(ูู ุณุญ ุงูุฃุฐููู) ููู ุณูุฉ ุจู ุงุก ุงูุฑุฃุณ ุนูุฏูุง ูุฏุงูุฉ: ุฃู ูุง ุจู ุงุก ุฌุฏูุฏุ ุนูุงูุฉ. ูู ุซูู ูู ุฌู ูุน ุดุฑูุญ ุงููุฏุงูุฉ ูุงูุญููุฉ ูุงูุชุชุงุฑุฎุงููุฉ ูุดุฑุญ ุงูู ุฌู ุน ูุดุฑุญ ุงูุฏุฑุฑ ููุดูุฎ ุฅุณู ุงุนููุ ููุคูุฏู ุชูููุฏ ุณุงุฆุฑ ุงูู ุชูู ุจููููู “ุจู ุงุก ุงูุฑุฃุณ”