{"id":970,"date":"2016-03-01T18:41:55","date_gmt":"2016-03-01T18:41:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fatwa-tt.com\/?p=970"},"modified":"2017-11-09T02:20:04","modified_gmt":"2017-11-09T06:20:04","slug":"what-is-the-ruling-of-shariah-on-female-circumcision","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fatwa-tt.com\/index.php\/what-is-the-ruling-of-shariah-on-female-circumcision\/","title":{"rendered":"What is the ruling of Shari’ah on female circumcision?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Question:<\/span><\/p>\n

What is the most preferred view on female circumcision? Did Prophet Muhammad \ufdfa allow it for females and why? \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/p>\n

Answer:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Female Circumcision in Islam<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The Prophet \ufdfa said:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062e\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0633\u064c \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0637\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0629\u0650: \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062e\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0650\u062d\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0627\u062f\u064f\u060c \u0648\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0642\u0652\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0623\u064e\u0638\u0652\u0641\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0646\u064e\u062a\u0652\u0641\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u0628\u0652\u0637\u0650\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0635\u0651\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0628\u0650<\/span><\/p>\n

Five things are connected to the Fitrah: Circumcision, Shaving the pubic hairs, Clipping the nails, Plucking the armpit hairs and Trimming the moustache.<\/span><\/p>\n

The term Fitrah refers to the inherent and natural qualities and ways of a human-being.[1]<\/a> The laws of the Shariah are equally applicable to men and women ( [2]<\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644), except where there is clear proof stating that women are exempted. The acts of Fitrah mentioned in the Hadith are general and relates to both male and female. Furthermore, there are no evidences indicating that circumcision is restricted to males only.<\/span><\/p>\n

In fact, female circumcision was the norm and custom of Arab women and was also endorsed by the Prophet \ufdfa. Consider the following Ahadith of the Prophet \ufdfa;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0650\u0630\u064e\u0627 \u062c\u064e\u0627\u0648\u064e\u0632\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062e\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062e\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0648\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0628\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u063a\u064f\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064f \u200f (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0630\u064a)<\/span><\/p>\n

When the circumcised meets the circumcised then Ghusl is required.”<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0650\u0630\u064e\u0627 \u062c\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0633\u064e \u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e \u0634\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0628\u0650\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0639\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0633\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062e\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062e\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652 \u0648\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0628\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u063a\u064f\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064f (\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645)<\/span><\/p>\n

When a man sits amidst her four parts <\/em>(arms and legs of his wife) and the circumcised parts touch each other a bath becomes obligatory.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Imam at-Tahtaawi, in his Hashiya Ala Maraqil Falah commenting on the Hadith narrated by Imam at-Tirmidhi sates that female circumcision was the custom of Arab women.[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Imam Badruddin al Ayni in his Umdatul Qaari and al-Binayah also confirms that female circumcision was the custom of Arab women.[4]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

It is narrated in numerous books of Ahadith that a Sahabiyah by the name of Umm Atiyyah (r.a) used to circumcise females at the time of the Prophet \ufdfa. The Prophet \ufdfa said her regarding her profession;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0643\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0644 (\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f)<\/span><\/p>\n

Don\u2019t cut too much, for that will be more pleasing to the woman and more desirable to the husband<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

In another Hadith it is reported that the Prophet said to Umm Atiyya (r.a)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645: “\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u062e\u0641\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0647\u0650\u0643\u064a\u0650\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0636\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c<\/span><\/p>\n

Oh Umm Atiya! Circumcise, but don\u2019t cut too much, for that will be brighter for the face (i.e. satisfying for her) and more pleasing to the husband<\/em>. {Al-Mustadrak, at-Tabarani , al-Baihaqi} [5]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

In another Hadith the Prophet \ufdfa<\/strong> advises the women of the Ansaar in general regarding circumcision;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0636\u0640\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0640\u0636\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0640\u0647\u0640\u0643\u0646 \u061b \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0638\u0640\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

Oh women of the Ansaar! Apply henna and circumcise! but do not exaggerate (i.e.do not cut too much) for it is more pleasing for your women folks when they are with their husbands.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

The aforementioned Ahaadith and others [6]<\/a>clearly indicate that, not only was circumcision prominent amongst Arab women but its action was also affirmed and endorsed by the Messenger of Allah \ufdfa. For this reason the Jurists of Islam are unanimous on the permissibility of female circumcision. Some are of the view that it is compulsory, others are of the view that it an action which is greatly emphasized except that it is not compulsory, while others state that it is Mustahab [7]<\/a> (commendable). Female circumcision being commendable is the stance of the majority of the Hanafi Jurists and is considered the most preferred and acceptable view.[8]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Misconception regarding Female Circumcision<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cFemale Circumcision is a very barbaric and inhumane action as it entails mutilation of the female genitals\u201d. <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Clarification;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Female circumcision in our times is commonly referred to as FGM (Female Genital Mutilation) which it practice in many parts of the world. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has categorized FGM into basically three types viz.<\/span><\/p>\n

Type I:<\/strong> Often referred to as clitoridectomy, this is the partial or total removal of the clitoris (a small, sensitive and erectile part of the female genitals).<\/span><\/p>\n

Type II:<\/strong> Often referred to as excision, this is the partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora (the inner folds of the vulva), with or without excision of the labia majora (the outer folds of skin of the vulva)<\/span><\/p>\n

Type III:<\/strong> Often referred to as infibulation, this is the narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the labia minora, or labia majora, sometimes through stitching, with or without removal of the clitoris (clitoridectomy).[9]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

All of the three aforementioned methods of female circumcision are absolutely not in conformity with the laws of Shariah and therefore cannot be attributed to Islam. The Shariah permits female circumcision however, with specific measures and guidelines. The method of female circumcision allowed in the Shariah is completely different to these barbaric methods listed above.<\/span><\/p>\n

According to the Scholars of Shariah, the correct method of female circumcision is as follows;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064e\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 [10]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

The type of female circumcision which is permitted in Islam entails cutting piece of the thin skin (prepuce) which is above the clitoris in a manner mentioned by the Prophet \ufdfa (\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0643\u064a) i.e. without exaggeration. Therefore, the method of female circumcision does not entail cutting any part of the clitoris or labia nor does it involve infibulation (the practice of excising the clitoris and labia and stitching together the edges of the vulva to prevent sexual intercourse<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

The method of female circumcision prescribed in the Shariah is akin to male circumcision in that only the prepuce is removed. The procedure of male circumcision entails the removal of the entire foreskin whereas in female circumcision only a piece of the prepuce is removed. Moreover, male circumcision is not considered barbaric rather it is encouraged by many western experts.<\/span><\/p>\n

The W.H.O.<\/strong> has also included the method of Female Circumcision prescribed by the Shariah as barbaric and pharaonic and thus grouped it under the category of FGM Type I. However, the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on the topic of \u201cHarmful Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children<\/em><\/strong>\u201d <\/em>released an article which clearly shows that the method of Female- Circumcision permitted by the Shariah is far from being barbaric;<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cTypes of surgical forms ;(a) C<\/em>ircumcision or Sunna (“traditional”) circumcision: This involves the removal of the prepuce and the tip of the clitoris. This is the only operation which, medically, can be likened to male circumcision\u201d[11]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

In this article cutting of the tip the clitoris is akin to male circumcision which is acceptable and not considered to be barbaric. Therefore, the method of female circumcision prescribed by the Shariah cannot by any means be regarded as barbaric as only the prepuce (or part of) is removed.<\/span><\/p>\n

If a particular medicine, which is proven to work is misused by an individual, it would be foolish of a person to condemn the medicine, what should be condemned is its misuse. Similarly, it is incorrect for a person to condemn female circumcision entirely, as it is legislated by the Shariah, rather one should condemn its misuse and malpractices.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Benefits of Female Circumcision<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mentioning some of these benefits, Dr. Haamid al-Ghawaabi says:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The secretions of the labia minora accumulate in uncircumcised women and turn rancid, so they develop an unpleasant odour which may lead to infections of the vagina or urethra. I have seen many cases of sickness caused by the lack of circumcision.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Circumcision reduces excessive sensitivity of the clitoris which may cause it to increase in size to 3 centimetres when aroused, which is very annoying to the husband, especially at the time of intercourse.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Another benefit of circumcision is that it prevents stimulation of the clitoris which makes it grow large in such a manner that it causes pain.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Circumcision prevents spasms of the clitoris which are a kind of inflammation. \u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Circumcision reduces excessive sexual desire.[12]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Then Dr al-Ghawaabi refutes those who claim that female circumcision leads to frigidity by noting:\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Frigidity has many causes, and this claim is not based on any sound statistics comparing circumcised women with uncircumcised women, except in the case of Pharaonic circumcision which is where the clitoris is excised completely. This does in fact lead to frigidity but it is contrary to the kind of circumcision enjoined by the Prophet of mercy (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) when he said: \u201cDo not destroy\u201d i.e., do not uproot or excise. This alone is evidence that speaks for itself, because medicine at that time knew very little about this sensitive organ (the clitoris) and its nerves.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

From Liwa\u2019 al-Islam magazine, issue 8 and 10; article entitled Khitaan al-Banaat (circumcision of girls).\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

The female gynaecologist Sitt al-Banaat Khaalid says in an article entitled Khitaan al-Banaat Ru\u2019yah Sihhiyyah (Female circumcision from a health point of view):\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

For us in the Muslim world female circumcision is, above all else, obedience to Islam, which means acting in accordance with the fitrah and following the Sunnah which encourages it. We all know the dimensions of Islam, and that everything in it must be good in all aspects, including health aspects. If the benefits are not apparent now, they will become known in the future, as has happened with regard to male circumcision \u2013 the world now knows its benefits and it has become widespread among all nations despite the opposition of some groups.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Then she mentioned some of the health benefits of female circumcision and said:\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

It takes away excessive libido from women<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

It prevents unpleasant odours which result from foul secretions beneath the prepuce.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

It reduces the incidence of urinary tract infections<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

It reduces the incidence of infections of the reproductive system.\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

In the book on Traditions that affect the health of women and children, which was published by the World Health Organization in 1979 it says:\u00a0<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

With regard to the type of female circumcision which involves removal of the prepuce of the clitoris, which is similar to male circumcision, no harmful health effects have been noted.\u00a0[13]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

In conclusion<\/span>, Female Circumcision is permitted in Islam by the manner prescribed by the Fuqaha (Jurists), and should only be undertaken by medical experts in that field.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

And Allah Ta\u2019\u0101la Knows Best<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Mufti Kaleem Muhammad<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Darul Iftaa, Jaamia Madinatul Uloom<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Trinidad,<\/strong> West Indies<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

www.fatwa-tt.com<\/strong><\/a> \/<\/strong>www.jaamia.net<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064f\u0647\u064f (\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0637\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064f \u062e\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0633\u064c) \u0623\u064e\u064a\u0652 \u062e\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0633\u064f \u062e\u0650\u0635\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0623\u064e\u0648\u0652 \u062e\u0650\u0635\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064c \u062e\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0633\u064c \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0637\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0628\u0650\u0643\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0641\u064e\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0628\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062e\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0631\u064e\u0627\u062f\u064f \u0647\u064e\u0627\u0647\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064f\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0651\u064e\u062a\u0650\u064a \u0627\u062e\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f \u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0644\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0628\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0641\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0631\u064c \u062c\u0650\u0628\u0650\u0644\u0651\u0650\u064a\u0651\u064c \u0641\u064f\u0637\u0650\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0633\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0631\u064e\u0627\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0635\u0652\u0631\u064e \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652 \u062c\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0634\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064c \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0637\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0641\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u062b\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0647\u064f\u0648\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u063a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064f \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0631\u064d \u0642\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f<\/span><\/p>\n

“Women are the twin Halves of men”- regarding the laws of Shariah.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> \u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062d (\u0635: 98)<\/span><\/p>\n

“\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e” \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u062a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a (3\/ 246)<\/span><\/p>\n

(\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u064a: \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a: \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0644\u062a: \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645: (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629) \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 (\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621) \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 (1\/ 333)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a ” \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 “: \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0644 – \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 – \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629\u00bb<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 (3\/ 603)<\/span><\/p>\n

6236 \u2013 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b<\/span><\/p>\n

[\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 – \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a] 6236 – \u0633\u0643\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a (8\/ 299)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b8137<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0642\u064a (8\/ 562)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b17561<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a (\u0635: 709)<\/span><\/p>\n

1249 – (\u062b 343) \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0647\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0631\u0650 \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0652: \u0633\u064f\u0628\u0650\u064a\u062a\u064f \u0648\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u064a \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064f\u0648\u0645\u0650 \u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0636\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0641\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u063a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u0650\u064a \u0648\u064e\u063a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064f \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0649 \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e: \u0627\u062e\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0636\u064f\u0648\u0647\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0637\u064e\u0647\u0651\u0650\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0647\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0641\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0623\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a (\u0635: 708)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u064e\u0642\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064e \u0644\u0650\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0634\u064e\u0629\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u0646\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0648 \u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0652\u0647\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0647\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u061f \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0652: \u0628\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0631) (6\/ 751)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062b\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0631) (6\/ 371)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 (10\/ 27)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062e\u0633\u064a (10\/ 156)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (5\/ 375)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a (22\/ 272)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646) \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0631) (6\/ 751)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 (5\/ 357)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs241\/en\/<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631 (1\/ 395)<\/span><\/p>\n

(\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062b\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631 (10\/ 340)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0647<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 (1\/ 333)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0643\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a (1\/ 61)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0625\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0631) (1\/ 167)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629: \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0647 (1\/ 211)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 (\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0630\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> http:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/479477410.html<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Nymphomania is a mental disorder marked by compulsive sexual behaviour. Compulsions are unwanted actions, or rituals, that a person engages in repeatedly without getting pleasure from them or being able to control them. In the case of nymphomania, people act out their compulsions by engaging in risky behaviours such as promiscuity. Whether or not nymphomania qualifies as a true mental illness is often debated in the medical community, but evidence suggests that compulsive sexual behaviour is a real and serious illness. http:\/\/www.healthgrades.com\/conditions\/nymphomania<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Mun\u0101w\u012b mentions in his Fai\u1e0d al-Qad\u012br:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 (1\/ 216)<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Other References:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

(1) \u062e\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648 \u0644\u0627\u0637\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(2) \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a <\/strong> (3)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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