Question:<\/p>\n
Is making dua for the forgiveness of deceased after the Janazah Salah in conformity with the teachings of the Prophet (s.a.w.)<\/p>\n
Answer:<\/p>\n
\u0628\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0645<\/p>\n
Making dua for the deceased is an act approved and encouraged by the Shariah as it benefits the deceased. However, the customary practice of making congregational dua after the Janazah Salah is an action contrary to the teachings of the Prophet \ufdfa and thus void of any rewards. This innovative action does not bring any ease or benefit to the deceased. It stems from a combination of sheer ignorance of the Sunnah of the Prophet \ufdfa and overwhelming emotions. The Prophet \ufdfa performed Janazah Salah on many of this companions on numerous occasions and never was it reported that he raised his hands and made a collective dua after the completion Salah nor was it a practice of his noble companions. The Prophet \ufdfa said; Whoever innovates in this religion of ours what is not from it, will have it rejected<\/em> .The place of Dua is after the third Takbeer of the Janazah Salah as mentioned in the Ahaadith of the Prophet \ufdfa.<\/em><\/p>\n The author of Al-Muhit al-Burhani mentions; and it is not permissible for a person to engage in dua (for the deceased) after Salaatul Janazah as he already made dua (in salah).[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n Ibn Nujaim (ra), the author of Al-Bahr ar-raaiq states that; dua (for the deceased) is made after the third Takbeer because there is no dua after the Tasleem.[2]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n If however, a person utters a dua for the deceased after the completion of the Janazah Salah, individually, silently and without raising the hands then it should not be a problem and Allah \ufdfb knows best.<\/p>\n If it is desired that additional supplications be made for the deceased then it is permissible to instruct the person leading the Janazah Salah to increase in his dua upon the deceased after the third Takbeer i.e in addition to the dua that is commonly recited. The Prophet \ufdfa did not restrict himself to a specific dua in Janazah nor did he instruct that a specific dua recited in Janazah. Therefore it is allowed to recite (apart from the dua normally recited) other authentic Duas of the Prophet \ufdfa.<\/p>\n Al-Ayni (ra) in his commentary of Hidaya (Al-Binayah), quotes Al-Karkhi (ra); there is nothing fixed and specific in Salaatul Janazah regarding the Thana, Durood and Dua <\/em>i.e. there are no specific wordings. Thereafter he mentions the narration of Ibn Masood (r) i.e. The Messenger of Allah did not make specific upon us any recitation or dua to be said in Salaatul Janzah. Say<\/em>!<\/em> Allahu Akbar when the Imam says Allahu Akbar then choose whichever dua is pleasing to you.[3]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n Imam al-Haytami mentions in his Majmu al-Zawaid that the narrators are sound.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n Ibn Nujaim (ra) mentions in Al-Bahr ar-Raaiq; the author (An-Nasafi ) did not specify a dua (to be read after the third takbeer), the reason being is, there isn\u2019t \u00a0a specific dua to be recited. If however he recited from the duas of the Prophet <\/em>\ufdfa<\/em> (pertaining to Janazah), then that is best.[5]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n Some of the Duas in which the Prophet \ufdfa recited in Salaatul Janazah;<\/p>\n (1)<\/p>\n \u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0627\u063a\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0631\u0652 \u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0640\u0645\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0641\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0652\u0641\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u0646\u064f\u0632\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0633\u0651\u0650\u0639\u0652 \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0627\u063a\u0652\u0633\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0628\u0650\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u064e\u0644\u0652\u062c\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062f\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0642\u0651\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062e\u064e\u0637\u064e\u0627\u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0643\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0628\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0623\u064e\u0628\u0652\u064a\u064e\u0636\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0633\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0647\u064f \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0647\u0652\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0647\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0632\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0632\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062c\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u062f\u0652\u062e\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0629\u064e \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0630\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0631\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650 (\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645)<\/p>\n (2)<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0627\u063a\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0631 \u0644\u0650\u0640\u062d\u064e\u064a\u0651\u0650\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0651\u0650\u0640\u062a\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0635\u064e\u063a\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0652\u0631\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0630\u0643\u064e\u0631\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062b\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0634\u064e\u0627\u0647\u0650\u062f\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u063a\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0640\u0628\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u064a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0641\u064e\u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u064a\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u064a\u0640\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0645\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0641\u0651\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0641\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0644\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0645\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0636\u0650\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0647\u064f (\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f)<\/p>\n (3)<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u064f\u0643 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0643 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0645\u064e\u062a\u0650\u0643\u060c \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u064a\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0647\u064e\u062f\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0644\u064e\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064e\u0647\u064e \u0625\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u0651\u064e\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u064f\u0643 \u0648\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0633\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064f\u0643\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064f \u0628\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0625\u0646\u0652 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0652\u0633\u0650\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064e\u0632\u0650\u062f\u0652 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u062d\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0647\u0650\u060c \u0648\u064e\u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0645\u064f\u0633\u0650\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064e\u062a\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0648\u064e\u0632\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0633\u064e\u064a\u0651\u0650\u0626\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0647\u0650. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0644\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0645\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u062a\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0647\u064f (\u0645\u0648\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643)<\/p>\n (4)<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0641\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e \u0641\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064d \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0630\u0650\u0645\u0651\u064e\u062a\u0650\u0643\u064e \u0641\u064e\u0642\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0641\u0650\u062a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0631\u0650 \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0650 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0630\u0650\u0645\u0651\u064e\u062a\u0650\u0643\u064e \u0648\u064e\u062d\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u0650 \u062c\u0650\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0643\u064e \u0641\u064e\u0642\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0641\u0650\u062a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0631\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0630\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0647\u0652\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0645\u0652\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0641\u064e\u0627\u063a\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0631\u0652 \u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0643\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u063a\u064e\u0641\u064f\u0648\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064e\u062d\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064f \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0646\u0650 \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0652(\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f)<\/p>\n (5)<\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a \u0631\u064e\u0628\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u062a \u0647\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0636\u062a \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064e\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0650\u0626\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0634\u064f\u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064e\u0627\u063a\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0631 \u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f (\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f)<\/p>\n At-Tahtawi (ra) in his commentary on Maraqi al-Falaah, after quoting some of the masnoon duas relating to Salaatul Janazah he concludes by saying; It will be good if all of these <\/em>)<\/em>masnoon duas<\/em>(<\/em> are combined <\/em>)<\/em>and recited in Salaatul Janazah<\/em>(<\/em>.[6]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n It is also permissible to recite Surah al-Fatiha after Thana with the intention of dua. The Hanafi Jurists however, have regarded the recitation of Al-Fatiha as impermissible in Salatul Janazah. The Jurists have stated clearly though that if al-Fatiha is recited with the intention of dua and not recitation (of the Quran) it will be correct. Al-Kaasani (ra) states in Badai\u2019 as-Sanai\u2019; according for our Madhab, if Al-Fatiha is recited with the intention of dua and praise then it will not be disliked.[7]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n According to some Jurists it is allowed for the Imam (and subsequently the followers) to make dua for the deceased after the forth Takbeer before the Tasleem[8]<\/a>, except that this view is contrary to the Dhahir ar-Riwayah (i.e. the legal ruling of the Hanafi Madhab). Shaykh Zafar Ahmad al Uthmani (ra) however, clarifies this matter stating that; dua after the fourth takbeer not being the legal stance of the Madhab means that it is not emphasized action (and it does not mean that it is impermissible according to the Madhab). [9]<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n Imam Al-Hakim (ra) reports in his Mustadrak that Abdullah bin Abi Awfa (ra) prayed Janazah upon his daughter with four Takbeers, he stood after the forth takbeer making dua for her forgiveness, thereafter he (Ibn Abi Awfa) said; that the Prophet \ufdfa used to perform the Janazah Salah in the same manner (i.e with dua after the fourth takbeer).[10]<\/a> For this reason some of the Jurists regard it as allowed and Mustahab.<\/p>\n We must adhere to the teaching of the Holy Prophet \ufdfa in every aspect of our lives for in it is guaranteed rewards and success.<\/p>\n And Allah Ta\u2019\u0101la Knows Best<\/strong><\/p>\n Mufti Kaleem Muhammad<\/strong><\/p>\n Darul Iftaa, Jaamia Madinatul Uloom (Trinidad)<\/strong><\/p>\n www.fatwa-tt.com<\/strong><\/a> \/www.jaamia.net<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n [1]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (2\/ 205)<\/p>\n \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0643\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a (2\/ 197)<\/p>\n \u0648\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633 \u0628\u0647<\/p>\n \n [3]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 (3\/ 222)<\/p>\n \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062e\u064a: \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a – \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 -\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f – \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647 – \u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 – \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 – \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0626\u062a<\/p>\n \n \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 (1\/ 313)<\/p>\n \u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u061f \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 – \u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0645 – \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0626\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0647<\/p>\n \n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0633\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062e\u0633\u064a (2\/ 64)<\/p>\n (\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627) \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f – \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 – \u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0647<\/p>\n \n \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0645 (2\/ 122)<\/p>\n \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0647<\/p>\n \n [4]<\/a> \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f (3\/ 32)<\/p>\n 4153 – \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d.<\/p>\n \n [5]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0643\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a (2\/ 197)<\/p>\n \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0647<\/p>\n \n [6]<\/a> \u0642\u0644\u062a\u064f-\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u062d\u0637\u0627\u0648\u064a-\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0635586<\/p>\n \n [7]<\/a> \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 (1\/ 313)<\/p>\n \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0631\u0647<\/p>\n \n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a (2\/ 180)<\/p>\n \u0648\u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0633\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0646\u062f\u00bb : \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/p>\n \n \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 (1\/ 95)<\/p>\n \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0647<\/p>\n \n \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 (3\/ 215)<\/p>\n \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627<\/p>\n \n \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646 (\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0631) (2\/ 214)<\/p>\n \u0644\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u064a \u0644\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647: \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647: \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u062d \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628<\/p>\n \n [8]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0643\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a (2\/ 197)<\/p>\n \u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0622\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0644 {\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u063a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627} [\u0622\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646: 8] \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621<\/p>\n \n \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 (1\/ 95)<\/p>\n \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629: \u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0646<\/p>\n \n \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 (3\/ 217)<\/p>\n \u0648\u0641\u064a ” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0628\u0649 “: \u0642\u064a\u0644: \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0644: \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0631\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0622\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629….\u0625\u0644\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0644: \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: {\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u063a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627} [\u0622\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646: 8] (\u0622\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0629 8) \u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0644: \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: {\u0633\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0643 \u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0629}<\/p>\n \n \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062d (\u0635: 219)<\/p>\n \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0645” \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0627 “\u0628\u0639\u062f” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621” \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 “\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629” \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: {\u0631\u064e\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0622\u062a\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064f\u0646\u0652\u064a\u064e\u0627 \u062d\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0629\u064b …\u0623\u0648… \u0631\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u063a \u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627<\/p>\n \n \u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0643\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0644\u0628\u064a (1\/ 241)<\/p>\n \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 …\u0631\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0622\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0630\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n \n