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Which parent has the right of custody of the children?

fatwa-tt November 26, 2018

Question:

Assalamualaikum

Mufti saab, I will like to know regarding, if me as a father has a right to custodian of my 7 year old son his now 7 years and 6 months old now. I  have 2
kids the one is this 7 year old and the other is 2. The family does not allow me to see him and they living very far away. I will like to know that according to shariah law do I
have a full right of custody of my child?

Answer:

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

As-salāmu ‘alaykum wa-rahmatullāhi wa-barakātuh.

The right of custody of a child will differ depending on the gender and age of the child.

For a male child:[1]

  •  The mother has the right of custody from birth until the boy reaches the age of seven.
  •  The father has the right of custody from the age of seven until maturity (buloogh).
  •  Once the boy reaches the age of puberty, he is free to live with whom he chooses or even independently if he wishes.

For a female child:[2]

  •  The mother has the right of custody from birth until puberty.
  •  The father has the right of custody from the puberty until marriage.

Therefore, as the father you will have the right of custody if the boy is seven years old.

Despite child custody belonging to one of the parents, Shari῾ah grants the non-custodian parent visitation rights. Depriving the rightful parent of the right of or the non-custodian parent visitation rights is a violation of the laws of Shari’ah.  The time of visiting the child is a matter which should be mutually decided.  A schedule should be devised which is convenient for all parties involved.[3]

And Allah Ta’āla Knows Best

Mufti Arshad Ali

Darul Iftaa, Jaamia Madinatul Uloom (Trinidad)

www.fatwa-tt.com /www.jaamia.net

 

[1] بدائع الصنائع في ترتيب الشرائع (4/ 42)

وَأَمَّا وَقْتُ الْحَضَانَةِ الَّتِي مِنْ قِبَلِ النِّسَاءِ فَالْأُمُّ وَالْجَدَّتَانِ أَحَقُّ بِالْغُلَامِ حَتَّى يَسْتَغْنِيَ عَنْهُنَّ فَيَأْكُلَ وَحْدَهُ وَيَشْرَبَ وَحْدَهُ وَيَلْبَسَ وَحْدَهُ كَذَا ذُكِرَ فِي ظَاهِرِ الرِّوَايَةِ، وَذَكَرَ أَبُو دَاوُد بْنُ رَشِيدٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدٍ وَيَتَوَضَّأُ وَحْدَهُ يُرِيدُ بِهِ الِاسْتِنْجَاءَ أَيْ وَيَسْتَنْجِي وَحْدَهُ وَلَمْ يُقَدِّرْ فِي ذَلِكَ تَقْدِيرًا وَذَكَرَ الْخَصَّافُ سَبْعَ سِنِينَ أَوْ ثَمَانِ سِنِينَ أَوْ نَحْوَ ذَلِكَ.

 

العناية شرح الهداية (4/ 371)

وَقَوْلُهُ (اعْتِبَارًا لِلْغَالِبِ) يَعْنِي أَنَّ الصَّبِيَّ فِي الْغَالِبِ إذَا بَلَغَ سَبْعَ سِنِينَ يَسْتَغْنِي عَنْ الْحَضَانَةِ وَالتَّرْبِيَةِ فَحِينَئِذٍ يَسْتَنْجِي وَحْدَهُ.

 

البحر الرائق شرح كنز الدقائق ومنحة الخالق وتكملة الطوري (4/ 184)

وَمَا ذَكَرَهُ الْمُصَنِّفُ مِنْ التَّقْدِيرِ بِسَبْعٍ قَوْلُ الْخَصَّافِ اعْتِبَارًا لِلْغَالِبِ؛ لِأَنَّ الظَّاهِرَ أَنَّ الصَّغِيرَ إذَا بَلَغَ السَّبْعَ يَهْتَدِي بِنَفْسِهِ إلَى الْأَكْلِ وَالشُّرْبِ وَاللُّبْسِ وَالِاسْتِنْجَاءِ وَحْدَهُ فَلَا حَاجَةَ إلَى الْحَضَانَةِ فَلَا مُخَالَفَةَ بَيْنَ تَقْدِيرِ الِاسْتِغْنَاءِ بِالسِّنِّ وَبَيْنَ أَنْ يُقَدِّرَهُ عَلَى الْأَشْيَاءِ الْأَرْبَعَةِ وَحْدَهُ كَمَا هُوَ الْمَذْكُورُ فِي الْأَصْلِ

 

[2] الفتاوى الهندية، ج1، ص566، دار الكتب العلمية)

وَالْأُمُّ وَالْجَدَّةُ أَحَقُّ بِالْغُلَامِ حَتَّى يَسْتَغْنِيَ وَقُدِّرَ بِسَبْعِ سِنِينَ وَقَالَ الْقُدُورِيُّ حَتَّى يَأْكُلَ وَحْدَهُ وَيَشْرَبَ وَحْدَهُ وَيَسْتَنْجِيَ وَحْدَهُ وَقَدَّرَهُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الرَّازِيّ بِتِسْعِ سِنِينَ وَالْفَتْوَى عَلَى الْأَوَّلِ وَالْأُمُّ وَالْجَدَّةُ أَحَقُّ بِالْجَارِيَةِ حَتَّى تَحِيضَ وَفِي نَوَادِرِ هِشَامٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدٍ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى إذَا بَلَغَتْ حَدَّ الشَّهْوَةِ فَالْأَبُ أَحَقُّ وَهَذَا صَحِيحٌ هَكَذَا فِي التَّبْيِينِ . وَبَعْدَمَا اسْتَغْنَى الْغُلَامُ وَبَلَغَتْ الْجَارِيَةُ فَالْعَصَبَةُ أَوْلَى يُقَدَّمُ الْأَقْرَبُ فَالْأَقْرَبُ كَذَا فِي فَتَاوَى قَاضِي خَانْ .

وَيُمْسِكُهُ هَؤُلَاءِ إنْ كَانَ غُلَامًا إلَى أَنْ يُدْرِكَ فَبَعْدَ ذَلِكَ يُنْظَرُ إنْ كَانَ قَدْ اجْتَمَعَ رَأْيُهُ وَهُوَ مَأْمُونٌ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ يُخَلَّى سَبِيلُهُ فَيَذْهَبُ حَيْثُ شَاءَ ، وَإِنْ كَانَ غَيْرَ مَأْمُونٍ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ فَالْأَبُ يَضُمُّهُ إلَى نَفْسِهِ وَيُوَلِّيهِ وَلَا نَفَقَةَ عَلَيْهِ إلَّا إذَا تَطَوَّعَ كَذَا فِي شَرْحِ الطَّحَاوِيِّ .

 

[3] حق الرؤية أو الزيارة لأحد الأبوين غير الحاضن مقرر شرعاً باتفاق الفقهاء، لصلةالرحم، ولكنهم ذكروا آراء مختلفة نسبياً، بحسب تقدير المصلحة لكل من الولد والوالد الذي يكون ولده في حضانة غيره.

قال الحنفية  : إذا كان الولد عند الحاضنة، فلأبيه حق رؤيته، بأن تخرج الصغير إلى مكان يمكن الأب أن يراه فيه كل يوم. وإذا كان الولد عند أبيه لسقوط حق الأم في الحضانة، أو لانتهاء مدة الحضانة، فلأمه رؤيته، بأن يخرجه إلى مكان يمكنها أن تبصر ولدها، كل يوم. والحد الأقصى كل أسبوع مرة كحق المرأة في زيارة أبويها، والخالة مثل الأم، ولكن كما جرى القضاء في مصر، تكون زيارتها كل شهر مرة.(الفقه الإسلامي وأدلته ج7 ص 740 دار الفكر)

 

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